# ⛰️ NOTES - APPALACHIA [Best Places in West Virginia](https://foursquare.com/justgrimes/list/wild-and-wonderful-west-virginia) Book Recommendations: * The Stories of Breece D'J Pancake [A Hillbilly Syllabus](https://chitucky.com/2017/12/10/hillbillysyllabus/) [Coal Country 101](https://www.metafilter.com/171531/Coal-Country-101) [Cornbread Communism Manifesto](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1F4KG-Kt1wtfj8MdUB27odvSmTVArNrRQ/view) [Book, film, and poetry recommendations for Appalachia](https://www.reddit.com/r/Appalachia/comments/jcmz4u/hillbilly_elegy_alternatives/) [The Microbiology of Salt Rising Bread](http://mediad.publicbroadcasting.net/p/wvpn/files/201404/microbiologySRB.pdf) [The Contested Southernness of Appalachia](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328607509_The_Contested_Southernness_of_Appalachia) [The Only Way We’ll Survive Is Together](https://www.metafilter.com/176418/The-Only-Way-Well-Survive-Is-Together) Mother Jones, the Most Dangerous Woman in America [The Unbroken Circle: Songs of the West Virginia Coalfields](https://umwa.org/news-media/books-music/) Appalachians are more likely to experience “diseases of despair” like alcohol abuse, overdose, suicide, or alcoholic liver disease. 80% of the population of WV don't have a college degree The average West Virginian eats more than one hot dog per day In Appalachia, West Virginia is the state where children are most likely to live with seniors over 65, according to a Kaiser Family Foundation analysis. Nine percent of West Virginia’s school-age children live with seniors 65 and older West Virginia 77.2% cover in forest (3rd highest state) West Virginia is uniquely vulnerable: The state had the highest reported rate of fatal overdoses, with 52.0 per 100,000 people. That’s significantly higher than the national average of 19.8%, and measurably worse than the three worst states behind it: Ohio (39.1), New Hampshire (39.0), and Pennsylvania (37.9). [Residents of the Appalachian Region are 55% more likely to die from a drug overdose than residents of the rest of the U.S.](https://www.arc.gov/assets/research_reports/AppalachianDiseasesofDespairAugust2017.pdf) West Virginia has a fatal overdose rate of 35.3 per 100,000—far outpacing the already staggering national death rate of 15 per 100,000 for drug overdoses. One in ten Cabell County residents are drug-addicted. “We average 5.3 overdoses a day in Huntington, West Virginia" Carfentanil is 100 times as potent as the same amount of fentanyl, 5,000 times as potent as a unit of heroin and 10,000 times as potent as a unit of morphine. West Virginia's poverty rate climbed to 19.1 percent last year (2018) from 17.9 percent, making it just one of four states with a poverty rate above 18 percent. 19% of WVians rely on SNAP In West Virginia, 38 percent of the population lives in rural communities West Virginia is home to more teens between 13 and 17 identifying as transgender per capita (1.04 percent) than any other state, and the South is home to more LGBTQ people than any other region of the country. ## Land Rights In Appalachia, outside interests – we often call them absentee landlords – own at least half the land. More than 40 percent of the land and 70 percent of mineral rights in West Virginia are owned by out of state companies, most of whom receive massive tax subsidies and pay little to no state and local taxes, in turn devastating local economies. [Broad form deed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_form_deed) ## Coal [Listen To U.S. Coal Production Fall Off A Cliff](https://soundcloud.com/wvpublicnews/memories-of-a-coal-miners-bucket) The average miner underground in West Virginia produces three tons of coal per hour 6% of 474 billion tons of coal “West Virginia is one of a very limited number of states that has a very complete death investigation system,” Smith said, “and as a result, we have very, very good statistics.” portraying people and places at the outer edge of despair is a fraught enterprise—finding the line between exposing wrong and suffering without wallowing in it. Appalachian version of the ruin porn In 1980, anthropologist Robert Tincher published a study titled “Night Comes to the Chromosomes: Inbreeding and Population Genetics in Southern Appalachia,” based on 140 years’ worth of marriage records. He concluded that “inbreeding levels in Appalachia … [are neither] unique [n]or particularly common to the region, when compared with those reported for populations elsewhere or at earlier periods in American history.” Stereotypes about West Virginian breeding practices have long been linked to the state’s poverty. ## Movies & Documentaries Herion(e) Recovery Boys Oxyana [American Experience: The Mine Wars](https://www.amazon.com/gp/video/detail/B01B28WAW4/ref=pd_cbs_318_4) ## Dialect / Accent Vocal imperialism - "Standard English" is just English used by a group that hasn't been stereotyped Appalachian accents often come with a negative stereotype from some folks. Because of that stigma, many of us Appalachians ‘code switch’. Resources: * [West Virginia Dialect Project at West Virginia University](https://dialects.wvu.edu/) * [The Contested Southernness of Appalachia](https://read.dukeupress.edu/american-speech/article-abstract/93/3-4/374/136133/The-Contested-Southernness-of-Appalachia?) * [MOUNTAIN TALK (full documentary, official video)](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iHIJfbYhQFg&feature=youtu.be) * [Inside Appalachia | WVPB](https://www.wvpublic.org/podcast/inside-appalachia) * [Searching for an Appalachian Accent](https://vimeo.com/29154467) * [How to Speak Appalachian in Eight Easy Steps](https://www.wvpublic.org/news/2017-03-29/how-to-speak-appalachian-in-eight-easy-steps) * [Northern = smart and Southern = nice: The development of accent attitudes in the United States](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/17470218.2012.731695) * [What's Appalachian Twang?](http://wvpublic.org/post/whats-appalachian-twang) epenthesis - its-a-me mario The insertion of a letter or a sound in the body of a word Demonstrative them Goose fronting Pin/pen merger Unlike deep south, pronounce "r" - holler Use colorful idioms Use redundant pronouns Use the outdated “A-prefix” and "demonstrative them Proudly say the plural you - "y'all." double plural -- all y'all “I reckon.” /ai/ ungliding - prevoiceless - Prevoiced and word final environments /æ/ breaking Low-back vowel merger - cot / caught Vowel lengthening - southern vowel shift Lax and tense vowel merger /l/ - feel / fill For example, most are familiar with the pronoun “y’all” but there are also unusual constructions such as “might could/should” (“we might should tell him”), “done” (“they have done landed in jail again”), a-prefixing (“he come a-running at me”), “like to/liketa” (“I got lost and liked to never found my way out”). WV population 25% scot-irish 25% german [LSA 2017 - Kirk Hazen Public Lecture - July 20th](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pK5Gql26lPE&feature=emb_title) snap.coastal.edu/snapwebhost/s.asp?k=156415740879 http://wvpublic.org/post/hidden-gems-inside-appalachia Whistle pig ‘groundhog, wood-chuck’, for example, “is virtually exclusive to the Appalachians from New York to northern Georgia” One of these distinctive features is the movement and breaking of /á/ in the South, which provides resistance to the low-back merger, a second feature dividing Appalachia. Speakers in West Virginia and eastern Kentucky (122, map 11.2) participate in the low-back merger, and neither area is part of the South that includes the breaking of /á/ As Catte (2018, 11) writes about Appalachia, “You might think our big-gest export is coal but it’s actually people.” Out-migration has been a steady theme of Appalachia, especially West Virginia, since World War II. For several decades geographers have remarked that West Virginia is in the midst of a “demographic crisis” (Towers 2005, 74). To assess the affect of out-migration and subsequent returns on dialect variation, Hazen and Hamilton (2008) conducted a study of a family from Cabell County, West Virginia, in which six of the nine family members migrated outside of Appalachia for at least four consecutive years, although most lived away for decades. One of the most important findings was that migration in and of itself did not appear to bring about complete abandonment of language variation patterns. Phonological dialect features were most likely to persist among migrant Appalachians, in particular /l/ vocalization, /D/ deletion, and /aI/ glide weakening before voiced consonants (123). Of the features that persisted, only /aI/ glide weak-ening can be considered distinctively Southern, as both /l/ vocalization and /D/ deletion can be found in the Northern areas where these migrants had moved. However, despite the traditional Appalachian pattern of /aI/ glide weakening before voiceless obstruents, migrants had longer /aI/ glides. /u/ fronting - high back vowel fronting in both tense (goose. /u/) isogloss - (in the study of the geographical distribution of dialects) a line on a map marking the limits of an area within which a feature of speech occurs, as the use of a particular word or pronunciation. The Atlas of North American English Southern American English as a regional dialect can be divided into various sub-dialects, the most phonologically advanced (i.e., the most innovative) ones being southern varieties of Appalachian English and certain varieties of Texan English. In general, the older Southern dialects clearly lacked the Mary–marry–merry, cot–caught, horse–hoarse, wine–whine, full–fool, fill–feel, and do–dew mergers, all of which are now common to, or encroaching on, all varieties of present-day Southern American English International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English https://dialects.wvu.edu/appalachian-englishes diphthong also known as a gliding vowel /l/ vocalization /t-d/ deletion /ai/ glide 44 word-sounds or phonemes. English contains 19 vowel sounds—5 short vowels, 6 long vowels, 3 diphthongs, 2 'oo' sounds, and 3 r-controlled vowel sounds—and 25 consonant sounds. https://www.thoughtco.com/sounds-in-english-language-3111166 https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Linguistics/Phonetics [ɑ] cot [ɔ] caught Vowel breaking. This means that in words with short vowels like cat and dress, these vowels can turn into diphthongs (or even triphthongs). So cat can become IPA kæjət for example (i.e. “ka-jut”). Vowel breaking is characteristic of the "Southern drawl" of Southern American English, where the short front vowels have developed a glide up to [j], and then in some areas back down to schwa: pat [pæjət], pet [pɛjət], pit [pɪjət].[2] "polarization is more intense when unemployment and inequality are high" orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language. It includes norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word breaks, emphasis, and punctuation Orthography is largely concerned with matters of spelling, and in particular the relationship between phonemes and graphemes in a language phoneme is a unit of sound that distinguishes one word from another in a particular language. Speech sounds that differ but do not create a meaningful change in the word are known as allophones of the same phoneme minimal pairs - English-speakers must be conscious of the distinction between the two sounds. Signed languages, such as American Sign Language (ASL), also have minimal pairs, differing only in (exactly) one of the signs' parameters: handshape, movement, location, palm orientation, and nonmanual signal or marker. Stokoe's terminology and notation system are no longer used by researchers to describe the phonemes of sign languages; William Stokoe's research, while still considered seminal, has been found not to characterize American Sign Language or other sign languages sufficiently.[34] For instance, non-manual features are not included in Stokoe's classification. More sophisticated models of sign language phonology have since been proposed by Brentari,[35] Sandler,[36] and van der Kooij.[37] "Warsh" instead of wash Intrusive R Comes from Scots-Irish immigrants who settled in regions that are now part of the Midland dialect region (most of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, as well as parts of Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, and Oklahoma), as well as more southern areas, such as Appalachia. speech is one of the most physical complex brain planning and coordination Future Research | West Virginia Dialect Project | West Virginia University https://dialects.wvu.edu/research/future-directions-of-our-research Chapter 2: Phonological Possibilities in Appalachian Englishes | West Virginia Dialect Project | West Virginia University https://dialects.wvu.edu/appalachian-englishes/resources-by-chapter/chapter-2-phonological-possibilities-in-appalachian-englishes Phonological Atlas of North America https://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/home.html Appalachian English | Southern Appalachian English http://artsandsciences.sc.edu/appalachianenglish/ Appalachian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century: Hazen, Kirk: 9781949199550: Amazon.com: Books https://www.amazon.com/Appalachian-Englishes-Twenty-First-Century-Hazen/dp/194919955X/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=Appalachian+Englishes+in+the+Twenty-First+Century&qid=1603648265&sr=8-1#reader_194919955X General Resources | West Virginia Dialect Project | West Virginia University https://dialects.wvu.edu/appalachian-englishes/general-resources Appalachian Englishes in the Twenty-First Century | West Virginia University Press https://wvupressonline.com/node/853 An Introduction to Language | Wiley https://www.wiley.com/en-us/An+Introduction+to+Language-p-9780470658963 (PDF) The fall of demonstrative them | Kirk Hazen - Academia.edu https://www.academia.edu/4876576/The_fall_of_demonstrative_them (PDF) Finding the Forest Among the Trees | Kirk Hazen - Academia.edu https://www.academia.edu/2365992/Finding_the_Forest_Among_the_Trees (PDF) An/A in Appalachia | Kirk Hazen and Jordan Lovejoy - Academia.edu https://www.academia.edu/35740158/An_A_in_Appalachia idioletics https://www.oclc.org/realm/research.html A type of epenthesis in sign language is known as "movement epenthesis" and occurs, most commonly, during the boundary between signs while the hands move from the posture required by the first sign to that required by the next. ## Glass West Virginia still produces about 85 percent of the handmade glass in this country. Only Blenko Glass Company remains as one of the original glass factories in the U.S. (excluding Corning) Paul Wissmach Glass Company Glass produced at the Wissmach factory can be found in the White House, the Old Executive Office Building in Washington D.C., the Basilica in Rome and in many glass installations and lamps around the world. West Virginia is home to one of the highest quality deposits of silica sand in the United States. The Industrial Revolution and new technologies allowed not only for the silica to be turned into glass more easily but for mass production of glass products. West Virginia became home to companies that produced plate-glass (which can be turned into windows or stained glass), bottles, containers, glassware, and even iconic toy marbles. Before the automation of glassmaking in the U.S. in the 1920s, only the wealthy could afford glassware. Expensive and difficult to make, the supply of glass was limited, and much of it was imported. The discovery of natural gas in the Ohio River Valley, along with all the other natural resources available in the area, made it the ideal location for new glass factories. Factories sprang up in Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Indiana, almost too numerous to count. ## Appalachia as a shibboleth Inside Appalachia's host Jessica Lilly found six known pronunciations of the word Appalachia: * Appa-LAT-cha. * Appalach-EE-a. * Appalay-CHEE-uh. * Appalay-SHUH. * Appala-shuh. * Appalay-SHE-ya. ## Family [NYTimes Magazine - The Tragedy At Tower No.2](http://www.maryellenmark.com/text/magazines/new%20york%20times%20magazine/904Z-000-006.html) ## Unorganized [Appalachia's problems are capitalism's problems: Towards hillbilly solidarity.](https://thisishell.com/interviews/962-elizabeth-catte) shaleionaires Henry A. Wise, the Virginia governor, voiced the anger of many when he described West Virginia as the “bastard child of a political rape.” - A House Divided: A Study of Statehood Politics and the Copperhead Movement in West Virginia [What should we do about Appalachia](https://www.reddit.com/r/neoliberal/comments/6val3a/what_should_we_do_about_appalachia/) Born Addicted: The Race To Treat The Ohio Valley’s Drug-Affected Babies http://ohiovalleyresource.org/2017/02/03/born-addicted-the-race-to-treat-the-ohio-valleys-drug-affected-babies/ [SoundCloud - Hear the world’s sounds](https://soundcloud.com/ohiovalleyresource/born-addicted-the-race-to-treat-the-ohio-valleys-drug-affected-babies) https://overdosemappingtool.norc.org/ Union Carbide Nitro: The World War I Boom Town: An Illustrated History of Nitro, West Virginia and the Land on Which it Stands WV Book Festival October 26-27, 2018 Charleston WV West Virginia: A Film History (DVD) I’ve Seen The Future. It Looks Like Appalachia. After Coal (Documentary) Her Appalachia (Documentary) Hillbilly: A Cultural History of an American Icon Encyclopedia of Appalachia Hillbillyland: What the Movies Did to the Mountains and What the Mountains Did to the Movies Unwhite: Appalachia, Race, and Film (georgia press) https://liberalarts.vt.edu/academics/majors-and-minors/appalachian-studies-minor.html http://jordanlaney.weebly.com/uploads/4/2/4/0/42401123/aps_1704_f14_syllabus._final.pdf Most of the migrants work in agriculture, construction or manufacturing, doing the so-called 3-D work (dirty, dangerous and difficult) Eric Eyre http://www.pulitzer.org/winners/eric-eyre passenger pigeons https://vimeo.com/ondemand/10834 Pusher https://www.pusherfilm.com/ The Campaign of Miner Bo