# 🍄 MUSHROOMS ## Books & Readings * [Radical Mycology: An SLF Primer (zine)](https://we.riseup.net/assets/287443/radical+mycology.pdf) * Radical Mycology * Mushrooms Demystified * Mushrooms of West Virginia & Central Appalachians Most fungi are mesophilic (18-22°C or 64.4-71.6°F) * Psychrophiles: with optimal less than 10°C (50°F) * Mesophiles: with optimal in the room temperature range (18-22°C). * Thermophiles: with optimal at or above 37°C (98.6°F) [The Fungus Amungus: A Look At Radiolab's Podcast](https://blog.yourmultiverse.com/the-fungus-amungus-a-look-at-radiolabs-podcast/) - 🍄 🦕 Mushrooms killed dinosaurs; climate change will cause mushrooms to evolve to kill mammals ## Remember * Best time for finding mushrooms - rainy day after a stretch of dryness, and then head to your local park * Take pictures of all sides of the mushroom — gills or pores, cap, underside, stem (including the base) & photograph the habitat * Cook all mushrooms well, since most GI problems are from raw or undercooked mushrooms; most mushroom species are inedible if you eat them raw * Bitterness usually means toxicity but does not always equal toxicity; deadly death cap mushroom apparently tastes "pleasant and nutty." * As a rule of thumb, avoid anything with “skullcap” in the name. * Location matters a lot. Most mushrooms are region & habitat-specific. * Is the mushroom growing on the ground or a tree, or in an open meadow? * Is the tree living or dead? * Is the mushroom growing alone or in a clump or a cluster? * What type of tree is the mushroom on, if it is on one? * What time of year is it? * Think scent, surroundings, and season ## Mushroom Cultivation ### Coffee Grounds 70 percent coffee grounds, 20 percent straw and 10 percent mushroom spawns 5 lbs of coffee grounds 0.5 lbs of mushroom spawns (weight of coffee x 0.10) 1 pound of straw (weight of coffee x 0.20) [Grow your own table top mushrooms – in coffee grounds](https://www.ikea.com/us/en/ideas/grow-your-own-table-top-mushrooms-in-coffee-grounds-pub4136ed81) ### Monotube Monotub Ratio 2-3 5lbs boomrbag (manure) 1 5lbs coco-coir [How to Make a Monotub: The Complete Monotub Tek Guide for Growing Mush – North Spore](https://northspore.com/pages/mono-tub-cultivation-method-walkthrough) [Dubtub Tek example video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5GmMeOTgk0U) ### Mushbucket https://grocycle.com/growing-mushrooms-in-buckets/ https://forestry.extension.wisc.edu/learn/grow-and-gather/mushrooms-in-buckets/ Boil for 1 hour ; 2 hours of drying; 20 liters / quarts; 16 or abov ### Cold Water / Lime Pasteurization Cold Water Pasteurization using Hydrated Lime (Calcium Hydroxide) https://www.centraltexasmycology.org/blog/2026/3/13/the-easy-guide-to-cold-water-pasteurization-for-straw-using-lime-calc-or-ash The golden ratio for hydrated lime (pickling lime or Calc) is: 2 grams of lime per 1 liter of water. Water Volume 20 Liters (~5 Gallons) Lime Required by weight 40 grams = ¼ Cup + 1 Tbsp Hydrated Lime 20 liter/quart pot ### Substrates Substrate - is a bulk material that the mushroom mycelium can use for energy and nutrition straw, hardwood sawdust, soy hulls, manure, coco coir, vermiculite, coffee grounds straw wheat, oat, rye popcorn, brown rice, wild bird seed, barley, sorghun rye grain best - holds more moisture logs oak, elm, ash, alder, cottonwood, and beech oak - keep producing longer ## Heterotrophic Fungi are heterotrophic Hetero = other; trophe = nutrition Decompose food — more similar to animals than plants organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter absorption of nutrients from their environments hydrolytic enzymes that break down large organic molecules such as polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids into smaller molecules. These molecules are then absorbed as nutrients into the fungal cells ## Hydnellum peckii Hydnellum peckii Bleeding tooth fungus Strawberry & Cream Red juice tooth That’s not blood, it’s a fungus oozing excess juice https://www.popsci.com/science/bleeding-tooth-fungus/ Guttation is the exudation of drops of internal liquid out of the tips or edges of leaves of some vascular plants, and also a number of fungi. ## California Mushroom Seasons Rains at Last! First Flush - October - November King Bolete, Porcini, Boletus Edulis Queen Bolete, Boletus Regineus Coccora, Amanita calyptroderma Death Cap, Amanita phalloides Californian Golden Chanterelles, Cantharellus californicus Its Mushroom Season Again - November - December Shrimp Russula, Russula xerameplina Oyster Mushrooms, Pleurotus ostreatus Cauliflower Mushrooms Candy Capsm Lactarius rubidus Bleeding Milk Cap, Lactarius rubrilactus Black Trumpet, Craterellus calicornucopioides Black Chanterelle, Cratellus atrocinereus Yellowfoot, Craterllus tubaeformis Bellybutton Hedgehog, Hydnum oregonense Hedegehog, Hydnum repandum Blewit, Clitocybe "nuda" Hygrocybe laetissima (similar to Scarlet Waxy Cap, Hygrocybe coccinea) Parrot Mushroom, Gliophorus psittacinus Gliophorus flavifolius The Winter Pick - Late December - March The Other "Califorina" (Southern) - January - March The First Spring (coast) - Late February - May White King Bolete, Boletus barrowsii Springtime Amanita Morels Western Red Dye, Cortinarius smithii Western Blood-red Cort, Cortinarius neosanguineus The Second Spring (mountains) April - June Butter Boletes Red-capped butte bolete, butyriboletus primiregius Spring King, Boletus rex-veris Agaricus Mountain Amber Agaricus, Agaricus moronii Coral fungi Yellow Spring Coral, Ramaria rasilispora Morels Natural black morels, morchella snyderi Let it Be Foggy - June - September The High and Not so Dry Summer - July - September King Boletes Sprimp Russula Mountain Butter Boletes, butyriboletus abieticola Aspen Boletes, leccinum insigne The Prince, Agaricus augustus Summer or Rainbow Chanterelle, Cantharellus roseocanus Lobster Mushroom, Hypomyces lactifluorum Short-stalked brittlegill, Russula brevipes Waiting for Rains - September to October Chicken of the Woods, Laetiporus gilbertsonii Confier Chiken of Woods, Laetiporus conifericola Lion's Mane, Hericium erinaceus Birch Boletes, Leccinum scabru Dyers Puffball, Pisolithus arhizus Dyers Polypore, phaeolus schweinnitzii California mushrooms fruit well in January candy caps (Lactarius rubidus) black trumpets (Craterellus cornucopioides) yellowfoot (Craterellus tubaeformis) pig’s ear (Gomphus clavatus) beefsteak (Fistulina hepatica) ## Candy Cap Candy Cap Lactarius rubidus “Northern” Candy Caps Oak, Pine, Tanoak, Douglas-fir Lactarius rufulus “Southern” Candy Caps Coast Live Oak Candy Cap https://static1.squarespace.com/static/55e5e7b5e4b0300afc3191e0/t/5c4696cdbba2236720320d85/1548130058152/Similar+Species+2+-+Candy+Caps.pdf Saprophytes - obtain their nutrients from the dead and decaying matter of plant and animals and their remains (fungi, bacterium, also indian ghost pipe Monotropa uniflora) haustorium (plural haustoria) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients; fungi in all major divisions form haustoria * Humboldt Bay Mycological Society https://www.hbmycologicalsociety.org * Fungaia Farm https://www.fungaiafarm.com/ [Essential guide to California Super Shrooms](https://www.afar.com/magazine/the-essential-guide-to-californias-super-shroom) Mushroom picking is illegal and heavily fined in National and State Parks, so always be aware of what is allowed where you are. Hoping to find mushrooms to collect and bring home? Mushroom picking is allowed in some National Forests, such as Six Rivers LocalCultureMushrooms.com guide-mushroom_id.pdf https://ashevillemushroomclub.org/docs/guide-mushroom_id.pdf The Spectrum of Fungi That Infects Humans - PMC https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4292074/ Poison Control (800) 222-1222 (people) (800) 426-4435 (animals) ## Boletes Rule #1 avoid red pored bolete Rule #2 avoid thoses that stain blue (cut or touch) aren’t any deadly boletes in North America, but quite a few you will regret eating. King Bolete (Boletus edulis) – dark greenish brown Satan’s Bolete (Rubroboletus satanas) Learn and avoid Rubriboletus (toxic) ## Macrochemical testing 5% KOH (potassium hydroxide) 10% FeSO4 (ferrous sulfate) 10% NH4OH (ammonia) NH4OH: unadulterated, unscented, regular strength grocery store ammonia KOH: a 5-10% solution. I dilute a 10% mail-order solution to 5% by adding an equal volume of distilled water. KOH slowly eats glass. Concentrated KOH causes severe chemical burns. Be very careful with it. [Reagents for Mushroom Identification $25](https://mushroomlife.com/products/chemical-reagents-for-mushroom-id) On average, there are between 1,000 and 10,000 fungal spores in every cubic meter of air. "A person breathes in between 10,000 and 20,000 liters of air every day, and every breath contains between 1 and 10 spores" 150 toxic/poisonous 12 deadly 4-5% edible Fungal hyphae = mycelium high surface area-to-volume ratios Mycorrhiza ## Fungi reproduction gametangia (gamme-tan-je um) in a process known as plasmogamy (plasm-o-gamme) nuclei from the cells of the two individuals fuse. This process -- karyogamy -- combines and mixes up the DNA from the two individuals. Karyogamy produces a spore that has double the normal number of chromosomes. In meiosis, this diploid spore halves itself to create two spores each with the normal number of chromosomes. meiosis - pronounced "my osis" Baudoinia compniacensis - When that ethanol combines with a hint of moisture (say, morning dew or humidity) Baudoinia compniacensis thrives, earning Baudoinia its nickname: whiskey fungus. How Mushroom Time-Lapses Are Filmed | WIRED https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5yq0_mqN97 Mushroom bags - Unicorn Bags https://unicornbags.com/online-store/ Mushroom growers newsletter https://mushroomcompany.com/ List of Mushroom Farms by State/Country https://mushroomcompany.com/farmsonline/index.shtml ligno-cellulosic Lignocellulose refers to plant dry matter (biomass), so called lignocellulosic biomass TECHNIQUES * pf tek * dubtub * monotub * martha tent PF TEK - psilocybe fanaticus technique Liquid Culture Ratios 1 – 2cc’s of liquid culture is sufficient per quart sized grain jar 10cc = 3-5 lbs North Spore (kits and supplies) https://northspore.com/ Hernshaw Farms (kits and supplies) https://hernshawfarms.com/ Monotub Mushroom Growing Project https://northspore.com/blogs/the-black-trumpet/how-to-grow-mushrooms-in-a-mono-tub Mossy Creek Mushroom Mentorship 5 day - $1000 https://www.mossycreekmushrooms.com/mentorship/ How Mushroom Time Lapses Are Filmed https://kottke.org/21/09/how-mushroom-time-lapses-are-filmed Other Mushroom Kits https://fungi.com/blogs/articles/mushroom-kits Mushrooms in season http://www.foragingguide.com/mushrooms/in_season Bioluminescent Fungi - Serenella Linares (MAWDC Nov 2020) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JxeeUaR_aJw&feature=youtu.be NOVA | Secret Mind of Slime | Season 47 | Episode 12 | PBS https://www.pbs.org/video/secret-mind-of-slime-oa3w89/ [Chanterelle Ice Cream](https://www.wvpublic.org/news/2020-07-16/edible-mountain-how-to-make-chanterelle-ice-cream) ## Mushroom Music [Mushroom Composer, Vaclav Halek](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEEgCQJ0Gck) [Hudebni Atlas Hub (The Musical Atlas of Mushrooms) by Vaclav Halek.](https://archive.org/details/HudebnAtlasHubTheMusicalAtlasOfMushrooms) North American Mycological Association Mycological Association of Washington, DC [Mushroom Cultivation Links](https://namyco.org/mushroom_cultivation_resources.php) https://mushroommountain.com/products/jacko-lantern-plugs-omphalotus-olearius/ Urban Mushrooms http://urbanmushrooms.com ## Bioluminescent ### Jack O’Lantern – (Omphalotus olearius) Jack'O'Lanterns are bioluminescent mushrooms that possess the ability to produce Luciferase, a enzyme responsible for the glowing gills, which is an ATP / Phosporylation pathway. This pathway can be useful for studying the effects of chemical pollutants, organophosphate runoff from herbicides and fertilizers, and other naturally or man-made compounds. ### Mycena chlorophos - yakoh-take, or "night-light mushroom" きのこ Kinoko mushroom 茸 Take mushroom The Mycena chlorophos is a notable bioluminescent fungus; it was the first glowing fungus to ever be identified, in the 1800s. Crystal white in the daytime, the cap and gills of these small wild mushrooms both glow pale green for three days before the effect fades. Like all bioluminescent fungi, this one is part of the order Agaricales. In Japan, these are called the night-light mushroom, or yako-take. ### Agaricales Found largely in temperate and tropical climates, currently there are known more than 75 species[1] of bioluminescent fungi, all of which are members of the order Agaricales (Basidiomycota) with one exceptional ascomycete belonging to the order Xylariales ### Foxfire Foxfire was used to illuminate the needles on the barometer and the compass of Turtle, an early submarine The "fox" in "foxfire" may derive from the Old French word fols, meaning "false", rather than from the name of the animal. ## Fungal Pathogen Collectively, infectious fungi and fungus-like pathogens are the most devastating disease agents known on the planet. Few among the millions of fungal species fulfill four basic conditions necessary to infect humans: high temperature tolerance, ability to invade the human host, lysis and absorption of human tissue, and resistance to the human immune system. In previously healthy individuals, invasive fungal disease is rare because animals’ sophisticated immune systems evolved in constant response to fungal challenges. In contrast, fungal diseases occur frequently in immunocompromised patients. Paradoxically, successes of modern medicine have put increasing numbers of patients at risk for invasive fungal infections. Among the estimated 1.5–5.0 million fungal species on planet Earth (O’Brien et al. 2005), only several hundred cause disease in humans, and very few are able to affect healthy people. The remarkable resistance of mammals to fungal pathogens has been hypothesized to be responsible for emergence of mammals as the dominant land species, when proliferation of fungi at the end of the Cretaceous era created a “fungal filter” that selected for this animal group (Casadevall 2005, 2012). [The Spectrum of Fungi That Infects Humans](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4292074/) * Estimated 1.5–5.0 million fungal species on planet Earth * Only several hundred cause disease in humans * Very few are able to affect healthy people Only 150,000 fungal species have been described to date D.L. Hawksworth in 1991 in which he estimated that there were roughly 1.5 million species. In the last ten years, new DNA sequencing technologies have revolutionized studies of fungal taxonomy and diversity, leading to changes in the estimates of fungal species numbers ranging from 2.2 to 3.8 based on host association and 11.7 to 13.2 million species using high-throughput sequencing. Few among the millions of fungal species fulfill four basic conditions necessary to infect humans: * high temperature tolerance (37°C and above) * ability to invade the human host (i.e., reach, penetrate, or access tissues it will parasitize) * lysis and absorption of human tissue (i.e., digest and absorb tissue) * resistance to the human immune system Unlike plants, insects, and ectothermic vertebrates, mammals are highly resistant to invasive fungal diseases. Fungal infections today are among the most difficult diseases to manage in humans immunocompromised—more susceptible to infections with fungi ectothermic vertebrates (animals whose body temperature fluctuates with their surroundings) aka cold-blooded animal Currently, only four classes of systemic antifungal medicines (azoles, echinocandins, pyrimidines and polyenes) are used in clinical practice, and only a few others are under development (17, 18, 19, 20). Although existing antifungal medicines are effective, they are associated with a plethora of adverse effects. The use of these medicines also requires expertise, and drug–drug interactions are particularly common (21). ### Candida Auris Candida auris, a drug-resistant fungus first identified in 2009 resistant to disinfectants and antifungal drugs 3.8 million people die each year of infections caused by C. auris and other fungi ### Coccidioidomycosis Coccidioidomycosis or cocci, Valley fever, as well as California fever, desert rheumatism, or San Joaquin Valley fever, is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii. ## Myco-heterotrophy / Parasitic plants Myco-heterotrophy (aka mycorrhizal cheaters) is symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis Monotropa uniflora - ghost pipes / ghost plant [Ghost Pipe / Indian Pipe (Monotropa uniflora L.)](https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/monotropa_uniflora.shtml) & see [Tom Volk's Fungus of the Month for October 2002](https://botit.botany.wisc.edu/toms_fungi/oct2002.html) Non-photosynthetic plant, that steals from a mycorrhizal fungus (a plant that steals from a fungus that steals from a plant) three-way relationship between a photosynthetic tree, a mycorrhizal fungus, and a parasitic plant! Emily Dickinson considered the ghost pipe “the preferred flower of life.” ## Fungal Computing [Towards A Fungal Computer](https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsfs.2018.0029) [Physarum Chip: Growing Computers from Slime Mould](http://www.phychip.eu/ ## Morels Few weeks in the spring. However, they sometimes appear into early summer in northern states, Begin looking for morels when apple trees and lilacs form flower buds. Morels are generally found near trees. Many foragers search near dying or recently dead elms; others concentrate on old apple orchards. Other morel magnets include ash, cottonwood, sycamore and tulip poplar. In northern and western states, morels may appear under conifers. Morels require adequate moisture and may not appear in dry years. ‘Hickory chickens,’ or ‘dry land fish,’ don’t have anything to do with chicken, fish or hickory. They are morel mushrooms and they’re in season right about now. Look for 3 varieties throughout Appalachia: morchella esculenta, which can be found under old apple or pear trees when the oak leaves are about mouse-ear size; morchella angusticeps (‘fat morel’), which can be found under oak, beech or maple forests, when the serviceberry is in bloom; and morchella crassipes, found on swampy ground near jewelweed. ## Santa Claus / Christmas Mushrooms Known in German as glücklicher pilz or gluckspilz (which literally means “lucky mushroom”), the red-and-white speckled fungi grow deep in the forest. Its real name is Amanita muscaria or fly agaric, and finding one is thought to be a sign of good luck, similar to the way the Irish view four-leaf clovers. That’s because the roots of this specific mushroom can only grow in the root zones of certain types of trees, which happen to be those we generally think of as Christmas trees. ## Lobster Mushroom The lobster mushroom is a combination of fungi! This mushroom form is produced by the fungus Hypomyces lactifluorum infecting and parasitizing a completely different fungus that forms the actual mushroom, Russula brevipes, the short-stemmed Russula. ## Psilocybin Generally, when eaten whole, it takes around 30-60 minutes for shrooms to kick in – depending on a few factors. When consuming as a tea, effects can come sooner — about 10-15 minutes. Once you start to feel the effects, the trip can last for around 4-6 hours. Magic mushrooms are most commonly bought by the eighth, or an eighth of an ounce. That’s about 3.5 grams (g). An eighth of an ounce of magic mushrooms costs $32 on average. [Shroom Dosage Basics](https://healingmaps.com/shrooms-dosage-information-guide/) 0.1 to 0.5 grams of psilocybe cubensis. Generally known as microdosing, this range is standard during therapeutic treatments. This shrooms dosage isn’t enough to create a “high,” but only minimal acute drug effects that can help long-term. 1 gram of psilocybe cubensis (~10 mg psilocybin). A low shrooms dosage, 1 gram still produces some effects such as euphoria and the enhancement of all senses 1.75 grams of psilocybe cubensis (~17.5 mg psilocybin). A medium shrooms dosage, known to produce some hallucinogenic effects (mostly visual and sensory) and stronger euphoria 3.5 grams of psilocybe cubensis (~35 mg psilocybin). A high shrooms dosage with strong visual and sensory distortions which may bring on mind-blowing effects and synesthesia (blending of the senses) 5 grams of psilocybe cubensis (~50 mg psilocybin). The “heroic shrooms dosage,” 5 grams of shrooms typically brings the full depth of a mushroom trip experience. The term comes from American ethnobotanist Terrence McKenna, an advocate for the use of psychedelics. Taking this high shrooms dosage is extremely rare, with side effects being things like a complete loss of control and losing the grasp of reality. Over 180 species of mushrooms have active hallucinogenic compounds such as psilocybin and psilocin. The most common of these is the Psilocybe cubensis. Psilocybin content varies between species, but it also varies from sample to sample in the same species. Studies show how psilocybe cubensis can contain about 0.5 – 1.0 percent total psilocin, averaging around 0.7 percent by weight. 0.7 percent total psilocin equates to about 1 percent psilocybin. Yeast vs Mold Yeast = Unicellular eukaryotic organism Mold = Multicellular eukaryotic organism Mold grow hyphae Saccharomyces Boulardii probiotic Dimorphic fungus Dimorphic fungi are fungi that can exist in the form of both mold and yeast blastomycosis mycoheterotrophic / mycoheterotrophy is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis. mycorrhizal cheaters a non-photosynthetic plant largely lacking in chlorophyll or otherwise lacking a functional photosystem gets all of its food from the fungi that it parasitizes https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastomycosis thermally dimorphic fungi annual burn-morel-probability maps near the end of February. the perfect combination of tree cover, tree species, elevation, slope and aspect as well as analyzing burns for access roads and public availability Fungal Diversity Survey (FUNDIS) is the only nonprofit focusing on North American fungal biodiversity and conservation. GPS Hunting App https://www.onxmaps.com/hunt/app Burn Morel Hunting Maps https://modern-forager.com/burn-morels/ “Mushroom Capital of the World,” because the region produces roughly 60 percent of the country’s mushrooms. Mycophile - North American Mycological Association https://namyco.org/publications/mycophile/ NitriShed® 350 Nitrile Bib Overalls $151.78 https://www.wearewatershed.com/product/bibs/nitrished-350-bib-overalls/ Plantwave $300 https://plantwave.com/products/plantwave 4-5 weeks behind Bay Area is from Humboldt/coast Trees Queens/ warm and wet Concord Candy cap - dried maple syrup Black trumpet - tan oak medicine Parrot Mataram White snowbank waxcap Reasons for Names Change: * Splits * Lumps * Resurrections * Systematic changes * Nomenclatural bureaucracy White Nose Fungi evolve, but so do plants and animals. A recent “fat bat” study found that bats who put on a few extra grams before winter were better able to survive a fungal infection. [Mr. Halek's mushroom compositions : r/mycology](https://www.reddit.com/r/mycology/comments/1maho2/mr_haleks_mushroom_compositions/) [Hudební Atlas Hub: The Musical Atlas of Mushrooms : Václav Hálek](https://archive.org/details/HudebnAtlasHubTheMusicalAtlasOfMushrooms/VaclavHalek-03-BoletusAppendiculatus.mp3) ethanol-fueled fungus known as whiskey fungus chlorophyll-less, myco-heterotrophic Fusarium venenatum is a type of microfungus known for its high protein content, and it is primarily used to produce mycoprotein, which is marketed as Quorn. Fungal disease called Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB) Fusarium wilt—also known as Panama disease—is a destructive soil-borne disease which impacts farmed Cavendish bananas worldwide through its virulent Race 4 strains,” Winware Stainless Steel 16 Quart Stock Pot with Cover Panellus stipticus, commonly known as the bitter oyster, the astringent panus, the luminescent panellus, Modern research has probed the potential of P. stipticus as a tool in bioremediation, because of its ability to detoxify various environmental pollutants. Iceman Polypore – (Fomes fomentarius) http://sporeworks.com [Stimulatory growth effect of lightning strikes applied in the vicinity of shiitake mushroom bed logs](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6463/ab7627) [Effect of sound and sound frequency associated with lightning strikes on the promotion of fruiting body development in shiitake mushrooms](https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/msb/31/04/31_117/_article/-char/en) [Corallorhiza maculata / spotted coralroot](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corallorhiza_maculata) Radiotrophic fungus - radiation eating fungus on cherynol; nasa exploring as bio-radiation shield for astronauts Agrocybe aegerita Velvet Pioppino, Agrocybe Cylindracea, Zhuzhuang-Tiantougu, Yanagimatsutake, or Chestnut Mushroom. It is also sometimes called the Poplar mushroom Jack-o-lantern plugs https://mushroommountain.com/products/jacko-lantern-plugs-omphalotus-olearius/ Mushroom Death Suit https://fellowsblog.ted.com/how-the-mushroom-death-suit-will-change-the-way-we-die-a52f486dc816?gi=f2a60971741 https://polyducks.itch.io/mushroom-hunt WonderDay Mushroom Gummies https://www.plantpeople.co/products/wonderday-mushroom-gummies 5 Things to Know Before Your First Mushroom Trip https://www.monsterchildren.com/5-things-to-know-before-your-first-mushroom-trip/ Pestalotiopsis microspora NSPM1: Promising for bio-remediation projects, Pestalotiopsis microspora has been found able to degrade and digest polyurethane. Mushroom civil war - Deatheaters vs Sapsuckers (sugary diet) https://www.tiktok.com/@minutephysicsshort/video/7169110944285609258?_r=1&_t=8XcnIVYo9gh&is_from_webapp=v1&item_id=7169110944285609258 Nitrogen (from decompsing stuff) [Mushroom Dyed Yarn](https://www.mayumix.com/mushroom-related) Lichen - 1/5 of all fungi exist as lichens mutualistic combination of fungus and alga mycobiont fungus provides moisture and minerals photobiont alga provides photosythentic nutrition estimated 1-4 millions of mushrooms Fungi can be both sexual and asexual mycorrhizal relationship - A mycorrhiza is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant. Physarum polycephalum - slime mold loves oatmeal single cell slime mold's slime is a repelllant to itself to not double back u shaped problem for robotics Fungus puts the blue in blue cheese 30% mushroom clubs grow in the last decade Cyclosporine — immune suppressing drug that makes organ transplants possible 60% of enzymes in industry are fungus generated; 15% vaccines fungus yeast Modern Citric acid produced by fungus — Unlike natural citric acid, up until the 1900s, the majority of the world's manufactured citric acid came from Italy, where organizations extracted it from fresh fruits. Then researchers discovered that strains from a fungi known as Aspergillus niger could produce citric acid when fermented using a low-cost molasses as the raw material. infestation of Baudoinia compniacensis, otherwise known as "the whiskey fungus." Baudoinia compniacensis angel's share fungus Chemical tests in mushroom identification are methods that aid in determining the variety of some fungi. The most useful tests are Melzer's reagent and potassium hydroxide. test for chemical reactions on fresh mushrooms, preferably within an hour of picking them Ammonia (NH4OH, Ammonium Hydroxide) KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) Iron Salts (FeSO4) Only about 3% of known mushroom species are poisonous body form, cap, spore-bearing surface, stipe, veils and odor. Important features include shape, size, color, topology Hymenophore = structure on which the spores are formed Use of mushrooms as far back as 400 bc Mushrooms not mentioned as cultivated until 1652 wasn’t until 1894 that the first mushroom growing structure was designed and built. It was built in Chester County, Pennsylvania-now known as the world’s mushroom capital Oyster mushrooms — first cultivated in Germany during World War I to mitigate hunger because of rationing ## West Virginia Mushrooms * Common Greenshield Lichen * Turkey-tail Mushroom * Dryad’s Saddle (spring) * Splitgill Mushroom * Chicken of the Woods (dead hardwood) * Crowded Parchment (dead oak) * Pear-shaped Puffball (July - Nov) * Violet-toothed Polypore (decay poplar and aspen) * Green-spored Parasols (most commonly warn poisonous mushroom in wv) * Oyster Mushrooms [20 Common Mushrooms Found in West Virginia](https://birdwatchinghq.com/mushrooms-in-west-virginia/) ## Mold vs Yeast Mold- multicellular Yeast - unicellular Fungi includes unicellular (yeasts), multicellular filamentous (molds), and macroscopicforms (mushrooms). Molds: used to produce enzymes, antibiotics (e.g., Penicillium), cheeses (blue cheese) Yeasts: major roles in baking, brewing, biotech (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae for fermentation,recombinant protein production). ## Dimorphic A dimorphic fungus is a fungus that can exist in the form of both mold and yeast. As this is usually brought about by a change in temperature, this fungus type is also described as a thermally dimorphic fungus. Coccidioidomycosis is an example of dimorphic saprophytic fungus... In medical mycology, these memory aids help students remember that among human pathogens, dimorphism largely reflects temperature: **Mold** in the **Cold,** **Yeast** in the **Heat** (Beast) Body Heat Probably (Changes) Shape * B =[Blastomyces dermatitidis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blastomyces_dermatitidis "Blastomyces dermatitidis") * H= [Histoplasma capsulatum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum "Histoplasma capsulatum") * P=[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracoccidioides_brasiliensis "Paracoccidioides brasiliensis") * C=[Coccidioides immitis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis "Coccidioides immitis") * S=[Sporothrix schenckii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporothrix_schenckii) ## Misc sporocarp / fruiting body Hypha = Hyphae Collective network of hyphae = mycellium Parasitic and Pathogenic Fungi Saprobic (sa-pro-bic) Fungi = dead decay matter (leaf, dead tree) Mycorrhizal Fungi (myco = fungi; rhiza= root) Carnivorous fungi or predaceous fungi dermatophytes = Fungi that grow on the epidermis, hair, skin, nails, scales or feathers of living or dead animals Pileus/Cap Lamellae/Gills Stipe/Stalk Annulus/partial veil Volva/universal veil Spores are produced by the hymenium